Here's the 2nd of 3 of these: another piece that I wrote for The Daily
but that never ran.
It
wasn’t shocking when Captain Jonathan Chaddock’s ship blew up - wood, flesh and
smoking mainsail settling into the waters near the earthen platforms and
cannons of Castle Island, Boston. After all, Chaddock was “a loose profligate
man,” according to lay historian Thomas Hutchinson, with “a crew like himself.”
They had arrived in Boston Harbor that spring of 1643, a band of unruly
privateers, and fallen straight to buccaneering and loutishness: the Captain
himself was brought before the magistrate and fined 20 pounds after drawing his
sword and threatening to murder his own first mate in a bar. Three of their
company had already drowned in a previous harbor accident.
So,
when two powder kegs on Chaddock’s 30-ton pinnace “took fire and blew her up”
as his crew worked that 2nd of November, no-one was especially
astonished. Particularly since – according to the contemporary account of John
Winthrop, then governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony – the cause may have
been one of them recklessly sparking pistols. Five men were immediately
“destroyed”; three remaining survived with bad burns.
Far
more alarming than the accident was the haunting that followed.
First:
light. Two points arising from the Harbor, “in form like a man,” Winthrop tells us, traveling
over the water’s surface and then subsiding back into the deep. This came
sixteen days after the Chaddock explosion and was witnessed by only a few
midnight sailors. A week later, the governor describes an even more
extraordinary vision: two shards “like the moon” arose from the northeastern
harbor and joined together, “closed in one, and then parted, and closed and
parted divers times, and so they went over the hill in the island and vanished.
Sometimes they shot out flames and sometimes sparkles. This was about eight of
the clock in the evening, and was seen by many.”
Then:
voices. “Divers godly persons” further south, near the waters between Boston
and the rural town of Dorchester, heard a voice calling out “in a most dreadful
manner, boy boy come away away; and it suddenly shifted from one place to
another a great distance, about 20 times.” This sonic apparition reappeared a
fortnight later, near Noddle’s Island (close to where Logan Airport sits today).
Governor
Winthrop is really our only source on this. Historians of subsequent decades – Thomas
Hutchinson (also a successor of Winthrop’s as colonial governor) and clergyman William
Hubbard -- faithfully recount his version (very faithfully, as one who
hasn’t studied might “faithfully recount” a friend’s exam). There is no real
reason, however, to doubt the long-serving Winthrop. He is credulous throughout
his journals, recording what he is told without judgment, but there is no
evidence that he himself is a fabulist.
Perhaps
the incidents can be attributed to natural, physical phenomena? Probably not.
St. Elmo’s Fire requires an object – optimally a pointed one – to focus
electrical fields into its distinctive blue flame. Will-o’-wisps are a
terrestrial enchantment, gases from decaying plant matter oxidizing. What the
sightings sound most like is ball
lightning, a phenomenon that “resembles a glowing sphere” and “does not
obey the whims of wind or the laws of gravity,” according to National
Geographic’s summary of numerous first-person accounts. Unhelpfully, this turns
out to be basically the same as calling the prodigies “lights on the harbor
that sure look like ghosts”: ball
lightning is something of an umbrella term for stories like this, and science
has yet to provide a clear explanation for what it could be.
Winthrop’s
own opinion is simple. “It is also to be observed,” he notes, that two ships –
Chaddock’s and another – had recently blown up in Boston Harbor, and that both were
full of men “such as despised us and the ordinance of God amongst us.” This “It
is to be observed” is a signal phrase of Winthrop’s religious disapproval: it
was also “to be observed”, for example, that it was “on the Lord’s day” that a
lecherous Dutchman was slain, or that three fisherman drowned while drinking.
The
governor also dutifully reports another theory, based on an entirely different
set of supernatural covenants. One of Chaddock’s slain crewmen, his name lost
to history, was reportedly a necromancer, suspected of murdering his master in
Virginia and having done “some strange things in his way…hither.” This man’s
remains, alone amongst those killed in the blast and unusually for sailors lost
in the Harbor, were never found. Perhaps his shade, the rumors suggested, summoned
fellow apparitions in its unburied disquiet.
This
focus on the man’s body is intriguing. The Puritans did not imbue the fallen
human form with any inherent sanctity. Funerals and headstones were simple and
austere, and the dead were not buried on Church grounds. A Puritan ghost would
never hang about, demanding a proper burial.
Clearly,
a different set of rules applied to a sorcerer’s shade – just as different
rules applied to Chaddock and all such “proud and intemperate men” who chose to
live outside the rules that so bounded Boston’s new arrivals. These rough men,
indeed, were just one kind of “other” assailing the Puritans’ purity: the
Quakers, forced to worship in secret on Noddle’s Island because the Puritan
authorities found them so alarming; the Pequot, Narragansett, and Mohegan
tribes, whom the colony’s leaders viewed with a mix of missionary and competitive
zeal. The Pilgrims lived in wary compromise between their own strict codes and
what must have often seemed the brutal, ongoing insanity of the new world into
which they had ventured.
In
this we may find, then, one root of this beguiling story. As Thomas Hutchinson wrote
over a century later (in his own words, for once): “They had an ocean, a thousand
leagues in extent, between them and all the delights of life which they had
once enjoyed. On their backs they had a wilderness without limits. As soon as
it was dark, their ears were filled with the roaring of wolves and other savage
beafts, or which was much worse, the yells of savage men. Where there was any
gloom upon the mind, such a scene must tend to increase it.” The strangeness of
Chaddock and the rest of his godless crew may have been, to the Puritan mind, too
much for even gunpowder to erase – their shades left dancing on the Harbor, like
the threat of an encroaching human wilderness.